初中英语语法梳理和提高--动词
初中英语语法梳理和提高
动 词
动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be,
like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一）助动词 助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：
1、助动词be的用法如下1）构成各种进行时态。如：It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2）构成被动语态。如：The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下：1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：Does he think so?I didn’t say anything about the result. 2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：
They do study hard. She does love him. He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二）情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：
1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：-Could you lend me your pen?-Yes, I can.
表示许可 表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较
婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book? -Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish
the work..但他们有如下区别：
1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；don’t have to 意为“不必”。如：
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：
must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：
1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may
的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：
The package might come tomorrow. They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can
(could) …+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can
(could) …have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形，对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如：It can’t
be John. He has gone to
4、need的双重身份 need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。
三）系动词 连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.
２、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如：
She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四）行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
１、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：He only worried about his daughter.
二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
＋s |
|
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 |
＋es |
|
以辅音＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋es |
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. |
I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. |
Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student?
Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? |
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
3．The 70-year-old man ____ exercises in the morning.A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
2. 现在进行时
1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成：
|
一般情况 |
+ing |
|
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing |
+ing |
|
以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词 |
去e+ing |
|
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. |
双写词尾字母+ing |
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am driving. He/She/It is working. We/You/They are doing something.
|
I am not driving. He/She/It is not working. We/You/They are not doing anything.
|
Are you driving? Is he/she/it working? Are you/they doing something?
|
3）现在进行时的用法：
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
You are working hard today. Kate
wants to work in
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies. A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told
2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on
3．--- Are these socks yours? --- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung
3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成： 1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形 2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2）一般将来时的用法： 1．将要发生的动作。例如： I will leave for
2．将要存在的状态。例如：This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3．打算要做的事。 例如： Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. I______ for
A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
3.We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold
4．一般过去时1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
+ed |
|
以e字母结尾的辅音 |
+d |
|
以辅音字母＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋ed |
|
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾字母+ed |
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. |
I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. |
Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? |
3）一般过去时的用法：过去发生的动作。例如： The police stopped me on my way home last night.过去存在的状态。例如：They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语： yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
1.Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选 A，
3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ____. A. come B. would come C. come D. had come
5．现在完成时
1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I /We/You/ They have been here before. He/ She has been here before. .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film.
|
I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before. He/ She hasn’t been here before . .I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. |
Have you/ they been here before? Has he/ she been here before? Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
|
在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如: She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如: I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如： He has died for 3 years.(F) He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）[来如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?--- Ever since last night.
A. has, got B. have , had C. has, caught D. did, have
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank
6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法： 过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如：
This time last year I was
living in
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going
7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成： 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词
否定式：hadn’t + 动词的过去分词 疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had. No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法：
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. He ______ in
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, wentC. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he _ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
3. Xiao Pei said she ____
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to
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